Final Exam for Organization Research and Theory Term Paper

Final Exam for Organization Research and Theory - Term Paper Example A computer technology firm has experienced tremendous growth owing to the effective leadership of an efficient top management team. However, it has also witnessed a huge turnover of scientists as well as researchers. The company can be stated to be in maturity stage of the organizational life cycle which signifies that it is functioning in an effective manner which enables it to generate higher profits. At this stage, the management of the firm generally remains the same and there is less delegation of authority or power. The firm at this stage is more focused on developing the efficiency in its business operations. This stage exists as long as the firm is generating profit. The firm is mainly concerned about analyzing as well as managing the costs of the products. The management structure of the firm tends to be more bureaucratic and there is less emphasis on brining in new innovations in the organizational process. In this stage, profit is maximized for its growth as well as the se rvices which are provided by the firm. The growth of the firm is for the result of better collaboration as well as team work along with enhanced leadership by the top management (Daft, Murphy & Willmott, 2010). The firm after gaining drastic growth in the maturity stage may tend to proceed towards the decline stage for inefficient performance as well as bureaucratic nature of the management. These factors primarily result in crisis for delayed decision making process as well as slow performance. The performance of the firm can decrease or decline and there can also be a lack of innovativeness. The firm also suffered a huge number of turnovers of employees which declined its performance. The workforce of the firm has decreased which results in reduced market share as well as it reduces the competency of the firm. The management at this stage needs to take up certain measures immediately in order to recover from the crisis (Practical Management, 2012). The crisis which is suffered by the firm may be recovered at the revival stage of the organizational life cycle. The revival stage may occur at the maturity or decline stage for recovering the firm from the crisis which is hampering its growth. The firm should take innovative decisions and the bureaucratic nature of management should be minimized for retaining the growth of the firm. The workforce of the firm should be engaged in the decision making process. The management should devise methods for encouraging as well as developing trust among the employees for enhanced performance of the firm. The issues should be analyzed and steps or measures should be taken for lowering turnover of key employees of the organization such as scientists and researchers as they significantly contribute towards ensuring innovativeness in the products and services of the firm. The employees should be provided with better working atmosphere as well as culture for effective performance of employees with reduced turnover. The aspect of providing rewards and recognitions to deserving employees including the scientists as well as researchers can be started by the organization to ascertain that they are motivated to remain in the organization and provide their best. All these measures will assist the firm to resolve the prevailing crisis and to retain its best workforce which in turn would facilitate the company to ensure long-term profitability and sustainability (Products Arts, 2012). Question 6 a) A Mechanistic Structure A mechanistic

Call of the Wild Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Call of the Wild - Movie Review Example Overview Call of the wild takes place in suburban America. While reviewers praise the plot of the stories, many people have had different reviews of the influence it may have on the world situation today, be it among the young or adults. The perception this movie creates is one that leaves different emotions in the minds of the audience. The movies may be considered for the young and the old, where all would enjoy it. It does not have any negative influence to children, adolescents or adults and still maintains a spark that interests all in the audience. Certain contemporary movies give a face for controversy since they provide especially young audience with negative influences that are harmful. For instance, many movies will have characters cursing, smoking or even having nude scenes. This is however not the case with Call of the Wild. Despite not having negative influences on people, it contains certain emotionally strong scenes that some may consider inappropriate to their childre n. For instance, there is a scene with a grandfather who was angry with his daughter, bullying taking place, a dog being mishandled by his owners and many more. However, all these are scenes that the director and the writer want to develop the heightened themes present in that era of mediocrity. Plot The movie depicts a scene where a dog living in greatness and wealth is stolen by a gambling insensitive housekeeper and sold in the city. He faces many challenges from his new owners where he is not given food, locked in small room. Luckily, he gets chance of redemption and fights for freedom and better living. His efforts go unrewarded and quite he later goes through endless instances of being tormented by his owner. Later, he finds new owner dispatchers where he gains experience of surviving harsh weather conditions of the winter. On one particular instance after a long journey, he is able to redeem himself in the wild and leads his way to another pack of wild dogs and sometimes ends in rivalry with some members of the pack. The dog, Buck, is later able to become head of the pack and leads the rest through the thick cold forests. Afterwards, Buck finds himself in the postal delivery service where he also finds the difficulty of having to carry heavy loads filled with letters and parcels with other dogs. Buck then move on to a trio of owners, who have minimal experience in controlling, feeding or treating sled dogs. He is able to survive the inexperience of the three owners and after a dangerous experience with the owners and members of the sled. Some drown while Buck survives the experience and finds himself in the hands of Thornton; another owner. Thornton treats him well and is experienced to work with dog having realized that Buck was a remarkable dog. Through his quest in search of gold, Buck helps him a lot and sometime wins him bets in return for money. Buck is a strong dog. He forms a great bond with his owner and a wolf. One night after Buck and the wol f go running, they come back and find Thornton and the rest of the villagers killed by rival Indians. He is disappointed and in turn resorts to avenging on behalf of Thornton. Every year, Bucks returns to the site of the village to mourn his friend’s demise. Themes in Call of the Wild The movie consists of an evident theme an outreach for oneness.

Performance in practice and reflective account

Performance in practice and reflective account Introduction Assessment has always been an indispensible part of the learning process. The process helps to evaluate whether the course program results in generating benefits for the individuals participating in it. However, the process of assessment is not focused in real term. As per the studies conducted by Gibbs (1999) and Elton Johnston (2002), around 10% of the tasks that the students do in their academics are not accessed at all. On considering the case of nursing, it is noted that the lack of assessment leaves the chances of patients and public to suffer. On the other hand, the regressive assessment process can help a lot to the people attached with it. Mentorship always plays an important role in the preparation of the student to work in the practical environment. In my course of mentorship, I work as the staff nurse at the operation theatre. Recently in our organization, we have implemented the force tread valley lab and Aatherny machine in our department. There are several complications attached with the machine, as not many people have used it in their learning courses. Thus, it becomes important for me to make the students learn about the machine, how to operate it, how to take care of any unexpected result etc. For this assignment, I had conducted assessment program to analyse the learning that the learners gain from this machine. Based on the assessment done, I have come up with some important findings related to the machine and learners as well. Therefore, hereon, I would be discussing the experience after the proper assessment of the learners for the force tread valley lab and Aatherny machine incorporated in our department. For better analysis results, I had a meeting with the associate health practitioner to understand the proper ways of evaluation. My talks with him had helped me a lot in reaching to my goals i n quite a professional manner. Assessment Methods The process of assessment should of such a kind that that the students are able to gain something from it. If the process of learning is found to have some flaws as per the assessment, it is better to make amendments in the learning process (Brown et al., 1997). Thereon raises the need of rigorous assessment process the mentor shall take right steps of assessment to reach to the right results. In case mentor does not take right steps to assess his students, the results can be pathetic for both the student and the patients in the future. Thus, there are number of assessment processes in place. Some of the most commonly used assessment processes include (ACGME, 2000):- Patient Surveys Patient surveys are used for the assessment of satisfaction with the clinics, hospitals and they include questions about the physicians care (Smee, 2004). The questions are used with some general aspects of the physicians care (time spent with the patient), physician competency (knowledge and skills, courtesy or empathy). Some more specific aspects of care include physicians explanations, treatment steps and drug side effects, listening skills. Typical survey method includes rating techniques with poor, fair, good, very good, excellent rating standards or agreements with the care describing statements by using yes or no statement. Each rating has given a value and then the satisfactions score is calculated by the average of all responses for generating single score or scores for different clinical care settings or activities Objective structured Clinical Examination In the OSCE method, one or two assessment tools are managed by almost 12-20 patient encounter stations. Each station lasts after 10-15 minutes. Candidates may complete the patient notes or a detailed written examination about some previous patients encounter. All candidates move from one station to other station with the sequence of same schedule. Standardized patients are considered as the primary assessment tools that are used in OSCEs but it includes data interpretation exercise with the clinical cases and clinical conditions with anatomical models for the assessment of technical skills. 360 degree evaluation method 360-degreee evaluation method includes measurement tools that are to be completed by multiple people under the persons sphere of influence. The evaluators are peers, subordinates, patients, families and supervisors. This evaluation process uses questionnaire to collect information about the performances of individuals on several topics such as communication, management skills, decision- making, teamwork etc. The process also include rating scales for the assessment that how the behavior is performed. Then the ratings are summarized for all type of evaluations by the topic and overall for the purpose of providing feedback. Chart stimulated recall oral examination (CSR) In the CSR, the examinees are assessed in the form of standardized oral examinations. A trained and experienced examiner asks the questions about care provided for the reasons behind the diagnoses, interpretation of clinical findings and some treatment plans. The examiners rate the examinee by using well established scoring procedure. The well designed CSR cases generally take 5 to 10 minutes for each one but the typical CSR process is of two hours with one or more than one examiners/ physician per separates sessions of 30-60 minutes. Written Examinations This is just the test using Multiple- choice questions to check for the performance on participants. Simulation and model Simulation methods are used to assess the clinical performances and that are close to the reality and attempt to reproduce (Novotny et al., 2006; Waltz et al, 2010). However, these are not used for duplicating real clinical problems. Here are some attributes for simulation methods allow the examinees for a reason through the clinical problems without any signal. They integrate some options, permit the examinees for making some threatening errors without any damage to the patient, provide feedback to correct the mistake done, give rating to the performances of examinees on some clinical problems, which are impossible at the time of evaluation effectively. Some simulation methods have been developed as PMPs (patient management problems), role- playing situation (clinical team simulations, standardized patients (SPs), anatomical models or the combination of these three types. Anatomical models are used for body organs for pathological findings to simulate the disease of patients. VR sim ulations (virtual reality simulations) use computers with anatomical models and that allows an assessment of procedural skills and other clinical tasks Hereon, in the case at hand, we had made use of Simulation and model technique. This technique seems to be the best choice for this task because the course relates to learning of the force tread valley lab and Aatherny machine that is recently implemented in our department. The simulated environment gives a number of options that relate to reality. The student can learn practically, using this approach. I gave the students an opportunity to perform in the real time environment. In this practical environment, students are able to perform practically, and even there is no risk of any patients health. Thus, the life is safe as well. Direct practice on an individual is quite a risky practice. Therefore, the risk free method shall be made into practice. Hereon, the assessment method suggested very good results for me. It was quite a fair way to assess anyone. There cannot be any sort of variation due to any reason. Even the chances of biasness are minimized using the approach. What matter s in this assessment method is the practical performance. Critical Reflection The learning process in nursing is of quite importance. The successors of the course are expected to be responsible for the lives of people in the future. Therefore, there is the need for proper assessment of an individual who enrols in the program. I was given an opportunity to assess the performance of my students. My students were performing well in the theory sessions. I found that the force tread valley lab and Aatherny Machine are quite crucial to in the nursing related activities. The students here in our course were trying to workout to learn how to make use of these devices in practice. One who makes use of both the machine and the knowledge of nursing is the actual nursing specialist, else knowing how to operate a machine would just make him limit to being a machine operator (Andrist et al., 2006; APA, 2008). The nurses are seen facing trouble in using technological devices since the mid 1960s (Sandlelowski, 2000). Thus, there is something, which acts as a hurdle against the process of learning to handle technological devices. The process suggests the right use of skills in order to gain from the machines. The skills of nurses are evaluated more and more using the usage skills of machines (Ferguson Calder, 1993), as t hese machines have become an indispensible part in ones nursing course process. Even the introduction of the machine in our department adds to the reason for learning the process of using machine. Hereon, the results I got from the performance of students was quite astonishing. I was happy to see that some of the students operated the machine in simulated environment in such a good manner that it seems that these students can operate in a real world environment as well. These students are expected to grow at a good rate within their career arena. However, the performance of some of the students was too bad. We are lucky that we have the assessment model of simulated environment, from which we can find out the students who are too weak to handle the practical situations. These students are too risky to operate in real term. Therefore, the right use of the simulated environment was of help for me to analyse the performance of students and their easiness to operate the machine. Based on the assessment, the weaker students are suggested to work out on their learning sessions. Machines are usually found tough to be used by the students in general (Brown Edwards, 2007; Anderson, 2000). The student needs to learn the process of using the machine along with implementation of their nursing knowledge, which is not an easy task. Therefore, the problem situation arises hereon. In our case, as our department did not make use of any machine in earlier days, but sudden incorporation of machine in our department had acted as a hurdle against our regular management operations. The need of proper knowledge in technical terms can help an individual to perform in a better manner. Thus, mentors are quite crucial to assess the students. I shall however keep an eye to maintain the standards as per the NMC (2006). This suggests me to assess thoroughly each of the students performance. This would help me in reaching to the right assessment decision. Conclusion The assessment has been an important player in the success of an individuals performance. Thus, I need to properly evaluate the students to understand their comfort with using the force tread valley lab and Aatherny Machine. The simulated assessment method used by me was quite a good choice. I was able to clearly analyse and evaluate the performance of individuals. Some of the students were though finding it tough to use the machine. This was mainly due to the reason that our organization did not use the machine earlier. Thus, it further added to the complexity of assessing the students. I found the successful candidates in this evaluation method were quite strong in their performance activities, and I expect the bright future of these individuals. The recent implementation of machine in our department acted as the major reason for this. The learning to use a machine is a time consuming process. It is expected that with due course of time, my students would be able to learn the way to use the machine. However, I have even planned extra sessions for those who do not perform well during my assessment sessions. These special sessions would be aimed to help the students in learning the areas they are lacking in. This way, I would be able to generate brighter talent from my department, which can be a great asset for future nursing.

preparation of isopentyl acetate :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION Isopentyl acetate, "banana oil", is a naturally occurring compound that possesses a distinctive odor. It is found in bananas, as well as many other organisms. This experiment attempts to produce isopentyl acetate by heating under reflux, which involves heating the mixture in a flask with a condenser placed vertically in the neck since any escaping vapours condense and run back into the flask, by combining isopentyl alcohol with acetic acid and an acid catalyst. The product was isolated using a combination of techniques -- acid-base extraction, drying, and distillation -- and was characterized by its boiling temperature and its refractive index. Esterification is a condensation reaction where two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule with the simultaneous loss of water. This ester in this experiment is isopentyl acetate formed from acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol. The reaction is catalyzed by hydrochloric acid, a Fisher esterification process, (McMurry, p780-781) but the catalyst affects only the rate of reaction, and not the extent of reaction. The desired product accumulates only if the equilibrium constant is favorable. As it happens, the equilibrium constant for this reaction is rather small (~4) (comparing bond energies in the reactants and products will tip you off as to why the equilibrium constant is so small). Therefore, simply mixing equal amounts of the starting materials will convert only about 67% of the starting material into product. To drive the equilibrium forward Le Chatelier's principle is used, in this case there are two ways to adjust reagent concentrations to force isopentyl alcohol to become isopentyl acetate. One way is to remove product as it forms. The other way is to use a large excess of acetic acid. This experiment is based on the latter approach, but it raises two issues. We can use excess acetic acid only if acetic acid is cheap, and if unreacted acetic acid can be removed easily from the product mixture (Organic chemistry lab. Manual, p32). In this lab had to use acid- base extraction process. Since isopentyl acetate is soluble in diethyl ether, but acetic acid is soluble in both solvents. Therefore, a simple extraction procedure would remove only some of the acetic acid from isopentyl acetate, but it would not completely separate the two compounds. An acid-base extraction improves on the simple two-solvent extraction scheme by using acid-base reactions to change acetic acid into another compound with different solubility behavior. Hence, we convert acetic acid into, sodium acetate, and obtain a compound that is soluble in water, but not in diethyl ether.

Pharmacy School Personal Statement Essay

As one of the aspiring pharmacists in the country, my personal and career goal is to be in line with the top-rated practitioners in pharmacy. Hence, it has always been my dream to serve the public, most specially those who are sick and in need of appropriate pharmaceutical assistance. I am aware of the fact that this career demands more of my time because serving these people matters the most. As such, I can say that the work environment in this occupation would never be easy. Moreover, as a postulant in this line of work, I hold on to my oath by rendering quality services for those people who require pharmaceutical aid. As one of the aspiring professionals in pharmacy, I am well guided by my mission and desire to render my quality service for the patients and for this profession. Likewise, assisting people with their pharmaceutical requirements in the most effectual way is one of the most efficient sources of motivation in performance of my duties and responsibilities as medical personnel. Certainly, witnessing people and patients receive the ample service they deserve serves as my primary source of inspiration to move forward and feel optimistic in this field. Ever since I was young, my dream of being a pharmacist in the future is clearly evident as I usually envision of this dream every time my mother gave me medicine to take when I am sick and eventually I would feel a lot better after being administered with the correct type and dosage. Since then, the question of how such specific medicine could work in the human body to cure diseases and other health problems had guided me to find out more about pharmacy. In addition to this, I just attended a program in University of Texas at Arlington and received quality training that would definitely be helpful for me. Apart from this, my enthusiasm in pharmacy is already evident during my younger days as I have broad interest in science. As such, I have been through different formal courses about science in order to improve my medical capabilities and broaden my knowledge, skills, and abilities, which could definitely help me in the achievement of my goal in the field of pharmacy. Particularly, I would state that I am ready to undergo the rigorous training under the doctoral degree program in pharmacy in consideration of my work ethics and actual hours of rendering pharmaceutical services. Thus, I acquired useful and relevant experiences in pharmacy through my former training where I worked as a pharmacy technician. Thus, through these experiences I learned how to work closely with my colleague in achieving a unified goal in pharmacy. Nonetheless, this actual work had taught me how to get along with the patients that I consider a key factor to achieve success in the work place. As I undergo a series of actual pharmaceutical practices, it is perceived that these practical experiences have taught me meaningful insights for this specific line of work. Apart from being well-equipped with formal academic knowledge in pharmacy, being into various actual pharmaceutical practices has helped me well in improving and developing my sense of responsibility and enthusiasm as a pharmacist. Hence, this opportunity to work as a pharmacy technician had given me the chance to experienced valuable actual practices that would be advantageous for me when the time comes that I apply for doctoral degree program in pharmacy. In addition to this, getting involved in various civic activities that has the goal of helping other people enables me to combine work, passion, and volunteerism. Nonetheless, I am given the sense of pride and worth through these activities. In the end, in able to achieve this specific goal of mine, I accept the fact that I have to undergone formal doctoral pharmacy degree. Certainly, I truly believe that through this higher level of learning, I would be able to acquire necessary knowledge that could help me in improving and developing positive characteristics in order to become an outstanding and well-rounded pharmacist. Nonetheless, I hereby submit myself to receive the needed degree in pharmacy in aid of my pursuance to my career and personal goal.

Discuss whether the Australian criminal court system should be based on the Adversarial or Inquisitorial model

It has been an enduring habit among legal scholars to consider in terms of families of law: civil law families on the continent of Europe, common law families in Great Britain and her former colonies. Though differences within these systems are typically often considered as incidental, those between them are seen as necessary. From a comparative angle, the stimulating question arises whether the legal systems of continental and common law countries typically portrayed as completely opposed are gradually converging.If that is certainly the case, does this entail that both systems will ultimately adopt so many of each other's description as to become no more than deviations on a theme their differences no longer important. It is also probable that the two systems are moving towards each other, but that junction beyond a definite point is out of the question for the simple reason that there is a decisive limit at which each system would start to risk degeneration.This implies and it mig ht be particularly true in the field of criminal justice that these systems are the personification of such divergent norms and values in the field of criminal justice, in their turn reflecting reflective societal values that they can never be brought as one entirely. And there is, obviously, a third and more radical prospect. Countries with diverse legal traditions like Australia, often faces similar problems, but have usually resolved them in contrasting and sometimes outwardly incompatible ways.As knowledge of, and expertise with, other systems increases, it is alluring to seek new resolutions in the experiences of others. But the feasibility and suitability of specific mechanisms and processes might often be linked to their context the norms and standards of the system as a whole. The inquisitorial system is depicted as the investigation of an occasion and the persons concerned in that event by the state with a view to ascertaining the truth–the state particularly present in the ‘fact-collecting' prosecutor on the one hand and, on the other, an unbiased and independent judge enthusiastically involved in truth finding.The adversarial system raise images of peaceful medieval folk gatherings under holy oaks, disputes solved willingly and satisfactorily by means of expletives before the elders of the tribe. The implication of inquisitorial proceedings is very much more appalling: the sinister red robes and piercing hats of an invincible Inquisition from which there is no escape, and the institution of ‘truth' by means of confessions, taken out, if necessary, under torture.Both ideas are, of course, quite preposterous when applied to modern criminal justice, and even in their conventional (i. . ideal typical) forms, the aims of adversarial and inquisitorial justice are much closer than the classical models entail. Both systems have the finding of truth as an elemental aim: the principle that the guilty must be punished and the guiltless left alone. Yet whatever the system, it is certainly fundamental that the truth in thus far as it can be established must be established in what is considered as a fair, and therefore communally legitimate, way. It is not here that the two systems differ, but in their elemental assumptions as to the best way of going about things.Thibaut and Walker (1975, 1978) initiated a significant line of research on the nature of diverse dispute resolution procedures. This research comprises public perceptions concerning which procedures were fairer than others for determining certain disputes. Thus, the inquisitorial system, and the adversarial system are alternating methods of inquiry are predominately used to hold criminal cases. In an inquisitorial system, as one attorney who is court selected and assists the judge in investigating the case and presenting the facts for both sides. Attorneys in the inquisitorial system are unbiased and are not advocates for either side.In contrast to this, the ad versarial system employs two attorneys signifying each side of the dispute. The prosecutor serves as an advocate for the state's position and the defence attorney represents the defendant. The adversarial system is found on the premise that competition will stimulate both attorneys to conduct a thorough investigation, which will result in a more systematic and unbiased presentation of the evidence. Advocates of the adversarial system state that the lack of competition in the inquisitorial system might produce a less thorough investigation of the case than that which takes place in the adversarial system.Research has tested this assertion. Lind, Thibaut and Walker ( 1978) assigned law students to either the task of adversarial attorney or the role of inquisitorial attorney. To stimulate the students to take their task seriously, the law students were told that undergraduate students were implicated in the case as disputants and decision makers and that the outcome had real consequenc es. The law students also had an individual incentive to take the task sincerely: They were informed that the extent of their payment would depend on how well they complete the task.In addition, the researchers diverse the strength of the case against the client: Either 25, 50, or 75 percent of the confirmation supported their client. To test whether the adversarial system formed a more thorough investigation than the inquisitorial system, researchers requisite the â€Å"attorneys† to acquire facts about the case (the cost of which would be taken off from their eventual payment) and examined whether the number of facts bought speckled by the role of the attorney.Adversarial and inquisitorial attorneys did not diverge in the number of facts they collected when the evidence was ambiguous (50 percent in favour of one disputant; 50 percent in favour of the other disputant) or favoured the adversarial attorney's client. However, when the evidence was more devastating against the a dversarial client's position, the adversarial attorney bought a larger number of facts than did the inquisitorial attorney. The researchers also examined the degree of overall bias in the presentation of facts to the court whether the facts accessible in court reflected the universe of facts which the attorneys had received.Inquisitorial attorneys offered an unbiased presentation of facts for all cases as their role requisite. The adversarial system, however, produced a deformed presentation of the evidence if the case was more obvious (75 percent of the evidence favoured one disputant's position), but produced an unbiased presentation of the evidence if the case was indefinite (50 percent favoured one disputant's position and 50 percent favoured the other disputant's position).For the cases where proof devastatingly favoured one disputant, the adversarial system overrepresented the sum of evidence that favoured the disputant who had more actual facts against her, but the inquisitor ial system offered an unbiased presentation of the facts. What do these findings say concerning the accuracy of the adversarial and inquisitorial systems? First, the inquisitorial system emerges to provide as thorough an investigation and as a precise presentation of the evidence for ambiguous cases.When the evidence is devastating against one disputant, the adversarial system offers a more thorough investigation, but a presentation which disfigures the overall array of evidence against the disputant. This verdict can be judged both optimistically and pessimistically. The diligent investigation, but distorted presentation could have an affirmative benefit: â€Å"[I]t would reassure that a full investigation would be conducted even if the preliminary evidence seemed, erroneously, to designate an ‘open-and-shut case'† ( Lind and Tyler, 1988, p. 5-26).Inquisitorial attorneys, however, did not impulsively stop investigations. Moreover, other researchers have found further b iasing effects of adversarial systems. Witnesses interviewed by adversarial attorneys present the proof in a biased way that favours the side for which they are confirming. These biases are much less marked when witnesses are interviewed by inquisitorial attorneys. Within the criminal justice system, however, fundamental relationships between parties and within state institutions are varying.Concerns regarding organized crime have resulted in escalating emphasis on secret undercover operations in criminal investigation–with all the dangers of set-up, cover-ups, and inherently complex verifiability and control. These developments leave a few traces in the dossier or even no map out at all. As the police gradually more come to see themselves as a party opposing (organized) crime, doubts concerning their definite commitment to truth-finding increase, and they lay themselves open to arraign of partisanship.At the same time and simultaneous to the foregoing, the other integral gua rantee that the dossier will be ingenuous is also under pressure. There are plans to hold back the truth-finding role and equivalent powers of the investigating judge (numerous countries with inquisitorial procedures have already done so), which will provide the public prosecutor the exclusive functionary accountable for the collection of evidence, with the investigating judge simply approving the use of intrusive investigative techniques by others.This corresponds with the improvement of the prosecution service as quickly becoming the central government organization where strategy decisions are made on how to contract with crime, while destabilization the quasi-judicial and objective position of the prosecutor in continuance the due administration of substantive justice. The end result might well be a more adversarial relationship between resistance and prosecution, as the possibly deteriorating reliability of the dossier as an indication of ‘pre-trial truth' inexorably invol ves the defence more in truth-finding.There is another reason why we should expect more energetic involvement by the defence in pre-trial assessments. In an ideal-typical inquisitorial system neither side has any right to let the case rest, or to bargain concerning its outcome or about the way in which it will be tried. The Dutch system has never been completely inquisitorial in this sense prosecutors have always been capable to drop individual cases for reasons of public interest pertaining to the case.In addition, modern tendencies have resulted in various ways of settling cases out of court with or without circumstances like the payment of a lawfully fixed or negotiated sum of money. subsequently the prevalence of negotiations between defence and prosecution is on the rise; even not called plea bargaining yet, the terminology has appeared in official documents. In adversarial systems, every party is accountable for developing evidence to support its arguments. Investigation is st imulated by self-interest rather than public interest.There is no investigating judge to search for ‘truth' and, despite official oratory about fairness in prosecution, the actual legal duties of police and prosecution lawyers do not extend to seeking out exculpatory evidence. certainly what constitutes the truth is subject to conciliation by the parties. Extensive plea bargaining merely produces an agreed approximation of events on which to support conviction and sentence. It is infrequent for any judicial authority to face these agreed assertions.Procedural directive and structuring of the pre-trial process is conventionally limited. The system starts from a model of challenge linking equal and private parties and therefore the supposition that the state need simply provide an arena for the declaration of the conflict. The initial reliability of this model is maintained by confrontation to the development of a state police and the use of awful inquisitorial techniques of que stioning under detention, and to the improvement of an organized public party to the pre-trial procedure equipped with restricted powers.In the lack of these state institutions and powers, the suspect, with his right to snub to confirm or to co-operate, is in a position to retain his interests devoid of detailed pre-trial procedural rules. Indeed, with both parties accepted to develop separate and challenging accounts rather than to work from a single case file, the strengthening of a dossier with evidential significance is impractical in a system where the evidence that counts is oral evidence at trial.In contemporary times the adversarial system has gradually more adopted the instruments of inquisitorial investigation: a structured police force and overt recognition of police power to restrain and interrogate so as to generate evidence against the suspect. This makes the traditional adversarial view of two equal, private parties difficult to protract. To the inquisitorial eye this moderated status of the accused is instantaneously recognizable: the suspect as objective of truth-finding in the hands of the state.Moreover, regardless of the potentially imprecise outcomes which may result from adversarial systems in definite cases, an agreement exists in terms of public opinion. People from the United States, France, Great Britain, and Germany all have a preference on adversarial procedures more than inquisitorial dealings for handling their disputes ( Thibaut, Walker, 1978; Lind and Tyler, 1988; Lind, 1994). Thus, even in countries like France where trials follow an inquisitorial procedure, citizens favour pure adversarial procedures over the inquisitorial system (Lind and Tyler, 1988).Despite of whether respondents imagined they were the destitute party or the disputant who had the advantage, they favoured adversarial procedures. The most significant perception shaping their preference was the professed fairness of the process. Yet when respondents were unawa re of whether they had the advantage or not, respondents consigned most importance to the fairness of the procedure as compared to their perceptions concerning the likelihood of receiving a constructive outcome or their observations about the amount of power over they would have over the decision making.Thus, Public preferences might be out of line with the definite accuracy of adversarial procedures. The public prefers adversarial procedures above inquisitorial procedures because they are seen as more expected to generate a fair process which consecutively will lead to a fair outcome. What is less clear is why the public think adversarial justice is more expected to generate a fair outcome. Confidence in the adversarial mode could spring from some intrinsic distrust of state-controlled adjudication.More modern cross-cultural research with United States, Hong Kong, and Germany citizens further validates the significance accorded to procedural fairness in forming preferences, and div ulges that people place significance on procedural fairness because they value association issues (Lind, 1994). More recent research, however, has extended the procedural options presented to respondents and has found that people favour initially to handle their disputes through negotiation or urging (Lind, Huo, and Tyler, 1994). Discuss whether the Australian criminal court system should be based on the Adversarial or Inquisitorial model The system of law can be a determining factor in how the citizens of a country behave towards and show respect towards the law.Many countries are always embroiled in conflicts, civil wars, and law and order there is usually a fight for survival and protecting innocent citizens. However, in a mature and developed country like ours, law and order is respected and Australia is said to be one of the safest places in the world.Our law and order system is quite mature and strong in implementation, perhaps this is the effect of the money we pour into our system along with the strict requirements we have for people who can or cannot serve on the judiciary or any of its branches.In spite of all the good work that has gone into our judicial system, there are still calls for us to change from the Adversarial to the Inquisitorial system of justice. I will talk about the systems and give an overview of their pros and cons and then talk about if we should change the system or not, what is to be ga ined, what can be lost.The Adversarial system has its roots in the idea where two opposite sides are pitted against one another. There is one side supporting the accused and the other side trying to prove him as guilty. The main idea is that the two sides being pitted against one another are going to lead to the truth.The judge has the role of facilitating the procedure of law and pit the opposing sides against one another while maintaining decorum and respect for the law. However, it is left entirely on the sides on how they want to present their case and what they do in their research. This system is used widely across the world and is prevalent in the US, UK and Australia.In the inquisitorial system, the judge is the main person and practically the whole system is dependent on how he investigates the case. If the judge is good, he can find out the truth completely and sort out the case, while if he cannot find out the fact, then the case might never be sorted out.He can take help of the law and its branches or agencies like the police etc, but the onus of solving the case and finding the facts lies on him. This kind of system is primarily used in France. The system has its benefits as you are pitting a skilled investigator to solve the case and putting the system of the law in the hands of some hand picked highly professional and competent people.However, the first thing that comes to mind is the fact that this system is easier to manipulate as its very easy for a rich person who is accused to at least ‘try’ and pay himself out of the position, as there is only one major person that he has to corrupt. While in an adversarial system, the opposition is paid to have the accused sent to jail or punished for his or her crimes.

History of Spain - Overview

History of Spain - Overview Location of Spain Historical Summary of Spain Spain was invaded by Napoleon and saw struggles between an allied force and France, which the allies won, but this triggered independence movements among Spain’s imperial possessions. During the nineteenth century the political scene in Spain came to be dominated by the military, and in the twentieth century two dictatorships occurred: Rivera’s in 1923 – 30 and Franco’s in 1939 – 75. Franco kept Spain out of World War 2 and survived in power; he planned a transition back to monarchy for when he died, and this occurred in 1975 – 78 with the re-emergence of a democratic Spain. Key Events in Spanish History Key People from the History of Spain Ferdinand and Isabella 1452 – 1516 / 1451 - 1504Known as the Catholic Monarchs because of their faith, Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile married in 1469; both came to power in 1479, Isabella after a civil war. They united the kingdoms of Aragon, Castile and several other regions under one monarchy and sponsored the journeys of European explorers, helping to establish a wealthy Spanish empire.Franco 1892 - 1975Franco came to power after emerging as leader of the victorious right wing Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. He cannily avoided entering World War 2 on the side of Hitler, who many regarded as a natural ally, and instead survived in power until 1975. He harshly suppressed many supposed enemies. Rulers of Spain

Clark Surname Meaning and Origin

Clark Surname Meaning and Origin The Clark surname is an occupational name for cleric, clerk, or scholar - one who can read and write, from the Old English cler(e)c, meaning priest.  Also from the Gaelic Mac a Chlerich/Cleireach; son of the cleric or, sometimes, clerk. During the Middle Ages, the common pronunciation of -er was -ar, so the man who sold items was the marchant, and the man who kept the books was the clark. At the time, the primary members of the literate class were the clergy, which in minor orders were allowed to marry and have families. The term clerk (clark) eventually came to designate any literate man. The Cleary / OClery surname, one of the oldest surnames in Ireland, is often anglicized to Clarke or Clark. Clark is the 25th most popular surname in the United States and the 34th most common in England. Clarke, with an e, is actually more common in England - coming in as the 23rd most popular surname. It is also a very common name in Scotland (14th) and Ireland. Surname Origin English, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings ï » ¿CLARKE, CLERK, CLERKE Famous People With the Surname CLARK William Clark - one half of the legendary Lewis Clark expedition to the Pacific Ocean, along with Meriwether Lewis.Guy Clark - American singer/songwriterArthur C. Clarke - British science fiction writer, best known for 2001: A Space Odyssey Genealogy Resources for the Surname CLARK 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Clark(e) Surname DNA ProjectThis project was started to determine if the early Clark families in Virginia were of the same family, and/or if they were connected to explorer William Clark. The project has now expanded to include a broader scope of Clark families around the world. Clark Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Clark surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Clark query. There is also a separate forum for the CLARKE variation of the Clark surname. FamilySearch - CLARK GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Clark surname and its variations. DistantCousin.com - CLARK Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Clark. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr Duel

Therefore, he married Elizabeth Schuyler. Where his father-in-law was a Senate and in 1791 G. Philip Schuyler lost his Senate seat to Burr. Due to Hamilton popularity in Federalist, he blocked the Federalists to nominate Burr for governor. Then in 1792, Burr declared himself a Democratic-Republican. John Adams called Burr â€Å"unprincipled both as a public and private man† Hamilton was a Federalist and Burr was a Republican. Both men have repeatedly opposed each other. Hamilton owned the Bank of New York. Burr broke the stranglehold of the Federalists financers. Hamilton had lost the power of the purse and his political prominence all because of Aaron Burr. In that year, a tie between the Democratic-Republican candidates Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton in effort for denying Burr for becoming the winner for candidate, he favor Jefferson and crushed Burr campaign that let to Jefferson winning the election. On June 27, Burr formally challenged Hamilton to a duel, and Hamilton accepted because Hamilton political led him to refuse to deny the challenge. The duel wasn’t the result of the 1804 election but more of a culmination of their rivalry and disagreement between both of them for decades. Hamilton death was truly a tragedy for America because his efforts during American Revolution and Secretary of the Treasury. Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr Duel Therefore, he married Elizabeth Schuyler. Where his father-in-law was a Senate and in 1791 G. Philip Schuyler lost his Senate seat to Burr. Due to Hamilton popularity in Federalist, he blocked the Federalists to nominate Burr for governor. Then in 1792, Burr declared himself a Democratic-Republican. John Adams called Burr â€Å"unprincipled both as a public and private man† Hamilton was a Federalist and Burr was a Republican. Both men have repeatedly opposed each other. Hamilton owned the Bank of New York. Burr broke the stranglehold of the Federalists financers. Hamilton had lost the power of the purse and his political prominence all because of Aaron Burr. In that year, a tie between the Democratic-Republican candidates Aaron Burr and Thomas Jefferson, Hamilton in effort for denying Burr for becoming the winner for candidate, he favor Jefferson and crushed Burr campaign that let to Jefferson winning the election. On June 27, Burr formally challenged Hamilton to a duel, and Hamilton accepted because Hamilton political led him to refuse to deny the challenge. The duel wasn’t the result of the 1804 election but more of a culmination of their rivalry and disagreement between both of them for decades. Hamilton death was truly a tragedy for America because his efforts during American Revolution and Secretary of the Treasury.

Project of My Ten Years into the Future Assignment

Project of My Ten Years into the Future - Assignment Example Initial I find that it is a bit difficult to interact with these women whose culture, lifestyle and language are so much different from that of me. It gets difficult to make them understand what I mean. But now the situations have changed a lot. I still remember those days when I had just joined this NGO. At that time it was a small organization with only 50 people engaged with it. Conditions were quite difficult for the organization. It was facing crisis both in terms of human capital as well as financial capital. But the practice which was in the exercise was the willpower of all those people who were engaged with the NGO. We all had a single motto to render modern medical services to underdeveloped countries. Conditions were quite pathetic in the interior part of these countries. Along with health care, unemployment and illiteracy were the other major problems which these poor people were fighting. So our organization decided that along with medical services, they will try to irra diate illiteracy and unemployment in these areas. At present, our organization has several working units in different part of the world that provide medical assistance to developing nations. We also run free schools for children were midday meal is provided for free of cost. This helps the children to have healthy and hygienic food and reduces the cases of malnutrition. For women and working men, night schools are available so that they can attain higher education and can grab better careers. In the developing countries, the growth rate of population is much higher than the rate at which medical health centers are developing.

Obligations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Obligations - Case Study Example In five different examples we shall try to explain complexity of issues that they cover. According to US Senate "obligation is an order placed, contract awarded, service received, or similar transaction during a given period that will require payments during the same or a future period." (US Senate reference glossary) Bravo Shearing Ltd (BSL) are manufacturers of tube cutting machinery and have advised in Tube World their latest tube shear at 980.000 Laurel and Hardy Ltd (LH) are manufacturers of welded stainless steel tubing and on seeing the advertisement request further information from BSL, who send a brochure complete with price list. On the price list the shear is listed is listed at 900.000. L&H dispatch a letter stating that they wish to purchase the shear for the list price. BSL have now contacted L&H and advised them that the price in the list is incorrect and that the correct price is 980.000 L&H insist that they have a contract at 900.000 Commercial ads are not considered valid offers, same as general price lists. Obligational offer is document which is obligational for the seller of the product. "There are also obligations in other normative contexts, such as obligations of etiquette, social obligations, and possibly the obligation to spell words correctly" (Law Dictionary and Research guide). On the other hand, if price list is sent specifically on request of potential customer requesting the offer for specific product, than it can be considered as valid offer, and at that moment mailer of the offer or price list has become obligatory document. Therefore, L&H has right to buy tube shear for 900.000 EXAMPLE 2 Dispute L&H have made an offer to PW Metals for the sale of 500 lengths of tube at a price of 1.85/meter. PW Metals have faxed back asking if L&H "may accept a price of 1.80/meter."L&H did not respond, and a week later sold the material to Premier Ltd. PW Metals have now contacted L&H requesting a delivery date for the tubes. Solution PW Metals are right when claiming that they have valid contract for delivery of 500 lengths of tube at price of 1.85/meter, unless that date of validity expiration has been clearly stated on the offer that has been sent by L&H, AND that validity period has expired on the moment when PW requested delivery date for the tubes. The fact that PW Metals asked for price reduction does not have any effect on the validity of previous offer. EXAMPLE 3 Dispute L&H have made an offer by fax machine for 100 lengths of tube to Whitehouse Stockings Ltd (WSL) at 2.30 pm on Monday, 19th of November. After consideration WSL decide to take up the offer and fax back an acceptance at 5.12 pm on the same day, and place a copy of the acceptance in the post that night. Unknown to the either party the fax acceptance falls down a gap in the desk behind the fax machine and is not seen by anyone at L&H. The following morning L&H sell the 100 lengths to Pentagon Steel and there will be no replacements available for several months. At 10 am the post is opened at L&H and they notice the acceptance, upon which they advise WSL of what has happened. WSL claim that they

The public sector is the sole remaining sector in which trade unions Essay

The public sector is the sole remaining sector in which trade unions have influence in the employment relationship. Discuss th - Essay Example Industrial relations have varied throughout the ages and differ in terms of concepts and implementation. Based on statistics presented by the Federation of European Employers, membership in the trade unions in Western parts of Europe declined over the last 20 years. Out of 27 members in the European Union, very few nations have more than half of their labor force in the trade unions. In fact, even the most populated states have only a moderate number of their population having membership. Italy has 30%, Germany has 29% and France has 9% of their respective populations having union membership. The reasons will be discussed in the middle portion of this analytical paper (Federation of European Employers, 2010). Ferner and Hyman (1998) have argued that â€Å"Europe developed certain unique features in their industrial selections during the end of nineteenth and twentieth century, and majority of them have remained in force till the present time. One of the major responsibilities of the employer’s association and the trade unions by sector or trade is collective bargaining and are coordinated by the confederations. Bargaining at the company levels came much later and has been growing, but still remains under the guidance of the federations. A distinction has been presented between collective bargaining, which mostly deals with working hours and wages, and participation of the wage earners which includes the working conditions, welfare, and also adaptation of the broader collective agreement (Ferner & Hyman, 1998). â€Å"Rapid industrialization has been going on in the industrial relations in Europe. Even during the process of integration, industrial relations and national politics will remain important in areas of social regulations of employment and work in Europe. The reason is that the European integration has evolved as the process of liberalization of the economy over the decades and this has happened through the international methods of opening up of the national economies through negotiated expansions of markets which remain beyond the national borders. Industrial relations therefore have always been governed by regulations and rules although to varying extent. This is not just the outcome of contracts but also of the status rules imposing obligations and rights and on the contracting parties, such that they cannot modify them even by mutual agreements (Wolfgang, 1998). Marshall’s views on industrial relevance bear relevance in this context. According to Marshall’s theory the social rights remain awarded according to the citizenship status rather than on the principle of classes or needs. His claim was that the extension of the social rights is not entailed by destroying social classes or inequality. Mundlak says that even though Marshall’s views of the industrial citizenship are on the decline, there are other labour-market institutions which bridge the gap between citizenship and the labour rights. These are workplace democracies, assuming the workers’ consistency in the organisation; and corporate citizenships which are used to entrust

Categories of Labor Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Categories of Labor Laws - Essay Example The researcher states that most labor laws can be categorized into 2 main categories, mainly Collective Labor Law, which refers to the relationships and activities between the employer, employees and the union. Secondly, there are Individual Labor Laws which refer to all those laws that are applicable to individual employee’s right of work and upholding their contracts. The following are some of the constituents of collective labor law: Trade Unions Some countries support the formation of labor unions. All employees are given the right to join any union, i.e. removing any discrimination on the basis of union activity. It is in the best interest of the union to bargain for the best benefits for all the members of the union. Some countries promote the formation of unions as this reduces the amount of control and employer has over its employees. Some legal regulations allow unions to place a set of obligations and duties on its members, and failure to meet these can lead to disba rment from the union. Union activity, must however be kept in check as to make sure unfair advantage is not being taken. In labor law terms, strikes refer to the process where members of a union shut down the production facility in order to make the employer agree to a certain number of conditions. However, most countries have laid down specific rules on when a strike is legal. Most importantly, it must be carried out in a democratic manner. General strikes are forbidden in various countries and certain personal such as health professionals, airport personnel are forbidden from carrying out strikes. Boycotts are another form of protest which is â€Å"a lawful concerted attempt by a group of people to express displeasure with, or obtain concessions from, a particular person or company by refusing to do business with them†. Boycotts are generally considered more lawful. Pickets or Picketing This is a process where workers of a union may congregate outside the workplace and not carrying out their own duties but prevent fellow workers by entering the facility. This may be both primary (workers are directly involved with the company where the demonstration is being carried out) or secondary (picketing a business not directly connected with the dispute, such as a supplier of materials). In most countries picketing activities are considered illegal, such as Britain, there may be court orders made from time to time against pickets being in particular places or behaving in particular ways (shouting abuse, for example). Workplace Involvement This refers to the concept that in all companies, workers have the right to consult and suggest ideas when it comes to workplace conditions and environment. It is forbidden by law, to discriminate their voice and not allow equal consideration. Co-determination This concept has its roots in Europe and is still a major feature of European labor law, where it is necessary that workers have adequate representation in the companyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s supervisory board with all the rights that regular members have. This law has been given different names according to the company, Law on board representation (Sweden), Bullock Report (United Kingdom). Individual Labor Law Similarly, there are various laws pertaining to the individual rights of the employee: Contract of Employment and Unfair Dismissal The basic theory behind this is that a proper document should be signed between the employer and employee to state the formation of the relationship.

Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Inflation - Essay Example As inflation is directly proportional with the aggregate demand in an economy and also the money supply, governments encourage a certain rate of inflation to prevail in an economy for gradual growth (Edwards, 1984). Prior to setting up of a business or preparing the annual financial budget for the economy, inflation is always taken into account. Measures are taken to control inflation so as to leave room for investment, global competitiveness and local demand in the economy. Therefore, attaining price stability through controlled inflation has always been one of the major concerns for all economies (Hart, 2010). Inflation is caused through various factors. It is however difficult to conclude as to what factor has precisely led to inflation and by how much. The forces of demand and supply and other factors concurrently result into inflation and the government has the tools of fiscal and monetary policy to control these factors simultaneously. The major causes of inflation can be because of a demand shocks, supply shocks, money supply and exchange rates, and future expectations (Mishkin, 1984): Inflation is directly proportional to the aggregate demand in an economy. This is because, when the economy is at its growth stage, there are more employment opportunities. As more people are able to work, households’ incomes rise giving them more purchasing power. This causes a rise in the aggregate demand. As the aggregate demand curve moves to the left, the producers also have to increase their supply to exploit this rise in demand. As they increase their production/extend their supply, their costs of production increase which results into an increase in the price level. This Demand-pull inflation can be so intense that it can also cause a Stagflation where an economy reaches at a stagnant growth with high unemployment and high inflation rates. (Martin, 1985). In contrast with Demand-Pull Inflation, Cost-Push Inflation is

The public sector is the sole remaining sector in which trade unions Essay

The public sector is the sole remaining sector in which trade unions have influence in the employment relationship. Discuss th - Essay Example Industrial relations have varied throughout the ages and differ in terms of concepts and implementation. Based on statistics presented by the Federation of European Employers, membership in the trade unions in Western parts of Europe declined over the last 20 years. Out of 27 members in the European Union, very few nations have more than half of their labor force in the trade unions. In fact, even the most populated states have only a moderate number of their population having membership. Italy has 30%, Germany has 29% and France has 9% of their respective populations having union membership. The reasons will be discussed in the middle portion of this analytical paper (Federation of European Employers, 2010). Ferner and Hyman (1998) have argued that â€Å"Europe developed certain unique features in their industrial selections during the end of nineteenth and twentieth century, and majority of them have remained in force till the present time. One of the major responsibilities of the employer’s association and the trade unions by sector or trade is collective bargaining and are coordinated by the confederations. Bargaining at the company levels came much later and has been growing, but still remains under the guidance of the federations. A distinction has been presented between collective bargaining, which mostly deals with working hours and wages, and participation of the wage earners which includes the working conditions, welfare, and also adaptation of the broader collective agreement (Ferner & Hyman, 1998). â€Å"Rapid industrialization has been going on in the industrial relations in Europe. Even during the process of integration, industrial relations and national politics will remain important in areas of social regulations of employment and work in Europe. The reason is that the European integration has evolved as the process of liberalization of the economy over the decades and this has happened through the international methods of opening up of the national economies through negotiated expansions of markets which remain beyond the national borders. Industrial relations therefore have always been governed by regulations and rules although to varying extent. This is not just the outcome of contracts but also of the status rules imposing obligations and rights and on the contracting parties, such that they cannot modify them even by mutual agreements (Wolfgang, 1998). Marshall’s views on industrial relevance bear relevance in this context. According to Marshall’s theory the social rights remain awarded according to the citizenship status rather than on the principle of classes or needs. His claim was that the extension of the social rights is not entailed by destroying social classes or inequality. Mundlak says that even though Marshall’s views of the industrial citizenship are on the decline, there are other labour-market institutions which bridge the gap between citizenship and the labour rights. These are workplace democracies, assuming the workers’ consistency in the organisation; and corporate citizenships which are used to entrust

Inflation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Inflation - Essay Example As inflation is directly proportional with the aggregate demand in an economy and also the money supply, governments encourage a certain rate of inflation to prevail in an economy for gradual growth (Edwards, 1984). Prior to setting up of a business or preparing the annual financial budget for the economy, inflation is always taken into account. Measures are taken to control inflation so as to leave room for investment, global competitiveness and local demand in the economy. Therefore, attaining price stability through controlled inflation has always been one of the major concerns for all economies (Hart, 2010). Inflation is caused through various factors. It is however difficult to conclude as to what factor has precisely led to inflation and by how much. The forces of demand and supply and other factors concurrently result into inflation and the government has the tools of fiscal and monetary policy to control these factors simultaneously. The major causes of inflation can be because of a demand shocks, supply shocks, money supply and exchange rates, and future expectations (Mishkin, 1984): Inflation is directly proportional to the aggregate demand in an economy. This is because, when the economy is at its growth stage, there are more employment opportunities. As more people are able to work, households’ incomes rise giving them more purchasing power. This causes a rise in the aggregate demand. As the aggregate demand curve moves to the left, the producers also have to increase their supply to exploit this rise in demand. As they increase their production/extend their supply, their costs of production increase which results into an increase in the price level. This Demand-pull inflation can be so intense that it can also cause a Stagflation where an economy reaches at a stagnant growth with high unemployment and high inflation rates. (Martin, 1985). In contrast with Demand-Pull Inflation, Cost-Push Inflation is

Use of Technology Essay Example for Free

Use of Technology Essay The information age presents many challenges for those in education and government where there is the need for the whole population to be able to access and use new technologies. This will include use of computers, the internet and digital television which is key in determining and establishing a skilled workforce and empowered citizenry for the twenty first century; the possibility and potential of these new technologies to allow people to learn throughout the life-course is also seen as a ready means of establishing developed countries as a learning society. Governments around the world have come out and set targets and development policies to help all adult technologies – information communication technology- in making these users friendly in their own environments, (Selwyn, Gorard, Furlong, 2006). Despite the sums of money being invested in ICT and education, there is the need for establishing how close the society is in establishing technology based learning societies and the challenges that might be faced along the way. There is also the need to recognize the promise and potential of new technologies, mapping how ICT and ICT-based learning fit with the everyday lives of each individual as well as the ability of research in the community. In this time and age, many of us already have a hand held mobile device, a hand held computing device of some description as well as some form of Internet access in the homes or at the office. As well, the enthusiasts of the power of technology see the need to support and shape our everyday activities proliferate via newspapers, textbooks and television screens. All these are learning avenues and as well these have increased to e-commerce, e-tailing, cybersex, blogging, networked computerized technologies in the nineteenth century revolution; inspired by grand notions of globalization and post modernity, some scholars have taken to portraying adults in the early twenty-first century as living in a plentiful post-physical age where all that is solid melts into bits The importance of learning in information society The prominence of education and learning within the post-industrial, information society analysis was in no small part responsible for the high profile reassessment of education and training by educators and politicians in developing countries over the latter half of the 1990s. In countries such  as the UK, this was infamously embodied in New Labor’s 1977 election commitment to concentrate on education. The information society and knowledge economy agenda were particularly evident in the rise of political favor during the 1990s of the broad concept of lifelong learning, a notion embracing not only the compulsory phases of education but also education throughout adult life. This lifelong learning involves more than a narrow technical adjustment to the organization of educational provision; it is an attempted transformation in learning opportunities in order to meet the implicit demands of the information society/knowledge economy. If it is accepted that the production and distribution of knowledge and information are increasingly significant processes in the determination of global economic competitiveness and development, which are reflected in turn, in economic growth, employment change and levels of welfare, then the capacities of organizations and individuals to engage successfully in the learning process of a variety of kinds is an obvious determinant of economic performance. Policies and usage of ICT in schools For an effective learning environment in schools that incorporate ICT, the use of computers need to have policy frameworks to specify their use and how effective they will be in their use as this will give a general guideline in use as well as maintenance. In South Africa, the proportion of principles indicating the existence of written policies for both the lower and upper education levels were virtually the same, but emphasis was quite different. In almost all the schools too, there was a common vision on ICT as a policy goal that pay attention to norms and values when using services such as the internet; a survey in south Africa revealed that such visions were fully or partially realized both at the upper and the lower levels as other principals reported that developing a common vision was realized as a goal, (Howie, Muller, Paterson, 2005) On the other hand, at the upper level involving mature learning, it is certainly not hard to detect enthusiasms for ICT based technologies within the educational literature, reflecting the proliferation of new technologies such as the computer and internet in adult changing settings. In essence and principle, ICTs are argued to make learning more effective and more equitable, to offer a diverse range of  learning opportunities to a diverse range of adult learners on a suitable, convenient and cost effective basis as technology has been heralded by some to facilitate learning which is eclectic, holistic and flexible. In short, this is to say that ICTs are portrayed as making the wider goals of the knowledge economy and information society, (Howie, Muller, Paterson, 2005) Conclusion According to Law, Yuen Fox, (2011), sustaining or transformative uses of technology do not depend on technology alone, they also depend on the intended use of the technology in the specific educational contexts, often, and specific technologies priorities certain uses and hence can be used more easily for sustaining or transformative purposes. Such prioritization is not deterministic as further, the characteristic that mist influences the choice and deployment of ICT in school education is the pedagogical decision-making of the teacher. This in turn is determined by the curriculum goals and training as well as pedagogical competencies of the teacher, (Law, 2008) Transformative use of technology in schools and education as discussed above are those that are integral to the implementation of innovative pedagogical practices. This involves the changing roles of the teachers, learners and members of the community, and the power relationships among these three groups. The way learning outcomes are assessed and staff performance is appraised also changes, thus challenging the predominant value and reward system inherent in the education system today. In particular, the integration of ICT in learning can be an effective tool in widening education participation, supporting a diversity of educational provision as well as lead to better form and outcomes of adult learning. ? Work Cited Howie, S. J., Muller, A., Paterson, A. (2005). Information and Communication Technologies in. Howie, S. J., Muller, A., Paterson, A. (2005). Information and Communication Technologies in (n.d.): 1-9. Web. Sept.-Oct. 2014. This journal discusses the benefits of using technology in education, as well as the challenges it has created. The writer’s thoroughly researched paper convinces its readers of the vastness of the technological world. South Africa: Reforming Higher Education and Transforming the National System of Innovation. Academia.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2014. This article is written to inform its readers about, the transformation of education with rapid inventions of newer technologies. Nurturing Leadership and Establishing Learning Organizations. Educational Innovations Beyond Technology. N.p., n.d. Web. Oct.-Nov. 2014.Selwyn, N., Gorard, S., Furlong, J. (2006). This research discuses the methods and technological innovations used in learning. Adult Learning in the Digital Age: Information Technology and the Learning Society. N.p., n.d. Web. Oct.-Nov. 2014. This research discusses the use of technology in education, as well as its impact on education.

Why is Corporate Governance Important?

Why is Corporate Governance Important? What is Corporate Governance? Why is it important for Business? Corporate Governance can be defined as the organizational structure of a company. It encompasses the overall processes, operations and policies by which a company is controlled and functions. According to James McRitchie corporate governance is  ¹most often viewed as both the structure and the relationships which determine corporate direction and performance`. Within the governing body of a corporation there are various stakeholders. Stakeholders are individuals which are of great importance to the company because they contribute directly or indirectly to its economic activity. Stakeholders retain different degrees of importance within an organization depending on their title or function which are some of the following: shareholders, the board of directors, employees, customers, creditors and suppliers. All together this group of individuals defines a corporate community in which day to day business is conducted and must be sustained in order for the company to survive. Similar to any other community, where there are conflicts of interests, miscommunication, or other organizational problems it affects the entire community and others around it. However is this applicable to the business world? Is corporate governance important for business? Firstly corporate governance implies the notion of hierarchy. As mentioned above the rights and importance of any stakeholders involved in the economic life of the company varies in function of the roles the individual holds. Following this logic we can identify the key actors within the governing structure of a company: shareholders who own shares of stock and have a right of ownership over the dividends which they receive from their stock and the right to vote on company matters such as electing the board of directors. In return the members on the board of directors oversee the management of the company and are paid in cash or stock for the responsibilities they are obliged to fulfill by contract to the company. In terms of internal management the employees of the company supply their skill and expertise in exchange for financial compensation (salary and bonuses). Another important stakeholder is the customer, who pays for the companys product or services because he/she believes in the value it retains for them. Amongst other stakeholders such as suppliers and creditors the customer is essential to a companys activity because a satisfied customer base represents 80% of a companys profits. In order for us to understand corporate governance it is important for us to comprehend that it is a multi-lateral issue, and thus it influences the choices of stakeholders and the outcome of company transactions and relations with the rest of the world. It is important for companies to take into account external factors such as: competition. In order to stay solvent and relevant, companies must engage respective strategies and face other corporate adversaries on the free market. Equally debt management is important as companies need to make sure that their assets outweigh any short-term and long-term debts on a regular basis. Also government regulations should be taken into account as they differ from country to country. For example in the United States corporate governance is known to be very free-market orientated but in North Korea legislation has a tough hold on corporate decisions. Finally the media and other instances are actors of external pressure as they force companies to uphold a certain social standard in their day to day operations, public relations and more and more today their ecological impact on the environment. In todays economic climate no company can afford to be scrutinized in the mass media as this decreases th eir popularity and trust with clients. The trust of clients is an immeasurable asset that can almost never be reacquired once it is lost. Take for example the American International Group that was under a severe media backlash back in 2009 after it was discovered that it was paying huge bonuses to employees of its financial services department during the financial crisis. President Obama expressed his discontentment during a press conference:  ²its hard to understand how derivative traders at A.I.G. warranted any bonuses, much less $165 million in extra pay. How do they justify this outrage to the taxpayers who are keeping the company afloat? Existing customers and potential customers need to be reassured by a companys, performance history, social responsibility initiatives but overall its integrity. And this is why corporate governance is critical for business; the atmosphere which it creates has to be one of congruence where it can be held accountable for doing what it says and what it stands for. Another one of the facets of this is issue the internal domain of corporate governance, where the management structure (CEO, middle management) is concerned with maximizing company profits in order to increase shareholders profits. This is motivated by a prospect of self-interest and higher gain (promotion, bonus etc†¦) which generates a need to perform in order to reach that goal. Likewise employees are motivated in a similar way to do their job. However their needs are not directly correlated with that of the members of the upper management structure who have larger responsibilities and more information within the same organization. This situation is called information asymmetry when one corporate body has more information than another. This can create conflict within the workplace if this type of imbalance is not managed. Furthermore employees working in high profile positions such as CEOs may be prone to act out of character and make bad decisions because of the immunity the y may enjoy through their status. For example the Jerome Kerviel former French trader of Societe Generale abused of the companys confidence to commit fraudulent transactions during his late professional career. As a result, the company lost:  ³near â‚ ¬5 billion ( £3.7 billion) in a rogue trading fraud according to the London Times. This example of bad behavior known as a moral hazard, when an individual protected from risk within an organization behaves differently than he or she would have behaved if they were fully exposed to the risks they took. In order for companies to protect their clients and themselves from similar fates they must implement effective rules and regulations that enable internal and external auditing bodies to monitor theyre day to day activities. Therefore rules that corporate governance create must be strong, as the Italian philosopher Niccolo Machiavelli said: Where there are sound laws there is a strong army, for there cannot be a strong army where there are not sound laws. Corporate law ensures that natural rules and regulations are in place in order to encourage correct business practices in the corporate world. Overall good corporate governance should input regular auditing processes. Interiorly, within the company itself an internal auditing body should monitor the companys financial health. In addition to this, the same should be implemented exteriorly through an external auditing company in order to get an objective perspective on company statements and verify their integrity. Also a sound board and management system must be put in place, separating every main executive function throughout the organization. Historically this minimizes the moral hazard factor in the workspace and encourages transparency and a clear flow of information within the institution. The Toyota Motor Company is a fine example of this; the company management structure allows the free flow of information and enables each employee to contribute to operational activities at every scale of the production process. This has had positive effects for Toyota mainly in terms of productivity and logistics efficiency. Finally all stakeholders should be aware of their rights and duties; this minimizes confusion in long-term strategy and goals of the company. Furthermore a clear ownership structure is critical to a corporations legal validity; it has to be a registered and recognized institution according to the appropriate corporate law regulation of the country in which in conducts its business. In conclusion corporate governance is an important component of business. As we have demonstrated affects every facet of business organizations and the various stakeholders involved. Furthermore because of the hierarchal nature of corporate governance it becomes evident that good leadership is equally essential. Members within executive, managerial, technical and administrative positions have to work within their respective roles to create an atmosphere of seamless affinity in terms of corporate governance. Leadership is important but in the context of corporate governance the whole body of the organization is vital, hence the root of the word corp in corporate. Nevertheless corporate governance must retain a standard of order; this is where the term governance gains more weight. Historical facts show that sustained order is the key to the long-term effectiveness of an organization; General Electric is prime case of this. Within the 200 year life span of the company, good choices and exceptional leadership have made General Electric today the most valuable company in the United States with a market cap of 300 billion US dollars. From this we can draw the conclusion that corporate governance is indeed important and will surely continue to gain more and more value in the world of business in the future.

The Band-Aid Approach- Not the Best Solution :: essays papers

The Band-Aid Approach- Not the Best Solution The band-aid approach has been the most common solution to working with students at risk. The name for this approach comes from the purpose of a band-aid; to cover up a problem but not fix it. A problem with this resolution is only having half-day sessions focusing on one topic for these students. This is not helping in the end because for the other half of the day, when they are in their regular classroom settings, this type of attention and teaching is not practiced (Finn, 1998). Thus, this is considered a band-aid approach because it only temporarily conceals the problem without fixing it. Furthermore, children have an understanding of what they are missing by being in a large sized class. When second graders were asked what would be different if they were in smaller classes, they answered that they would be able to talk more often, ask more questions, and get to be â€Å"Star of the Week† for a longer period of time (Handley, 2002). The mere fact that these young students are realizing that they could get more attention is not only astounding but also surreal. Project STAR: One of the 1st Large-Scale Studies on the Effects of Reduced Class Size Between the years of 1985 and 1989, seventy nine elementary schools in Tennessee participated in the only large-scale, controlled study of the effects of reduced class size, Project STAR (Finn, 1998). Children that entered kindergarten were randomly assigned to either a class of thirteen to seventeen pupils, twenty two to twenty six, or twenty two to twenty six with a teacher’s assistant. The students remained in these settings for the next four years. What this study produced were results that confirmed benefits of small classes in primary grades. Smaller classes outperformed the larger classes in all instances, including word study skills, reading, basic skills reading, math, basic skills math, motivation and self concept (Finn, 1998). Since the most noteworthy occasions deal with substantial reductions, minorities seem to thrive on smaller classes. Minorities, most of which are used to extremely large class sizes, are the best example to show what a substantial reduct ion can generate, and with these particular students improving, the achievement gap is therefore reduced (Finn, 1998). The Follow Up to the Project STAR Study: Lasting Benefits Study

August Wilsonâ??s Fences :: essays research papers

August Wilson’s Fences August Wilson''s 1985 Pulitzer Prize-winning play, "Fences" thoughtfully examines the escalating racial tensions in America during the 1950s. The playwright deftly handles such complex social issues as racism and adultery without smug commentary. The subtle discussion of black America offers more insight than lecture, which heightens the dramatic impact upon the audience. Wilson recognizes that the family lies the foundation for American society as a whole, and shrewdly chooses family as the emphasis for "Fences." The play''s central focus is the Maxson''s, the instrument Wilson uses to introduce African-American culture to those who are unfamiliar. In the mid-1950s, America was still experiencing a post-World War II economic boon, and could at last allow foreign affairs to take a back seat to domestic issues. The social climate was becoming increasingly heated with the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka, which ruled school segregation was unconstitutional. This landmark ruling ignited racial tensions across America, which had been slowly simmering for years. The protagonist of "Fences" is former baseball player-turned Pittsburgh garbage man Troy Maxson, and the antagonist is clearly racism. It is racism which has defied Troy Maxson at every turn and his skin color stood in the way of his quest to grab a piece of the American dream for himself and his family. Racism creates the conflict, which causes Troy to feel that he has been "fenced" in by a discriminatory society. It has heated tensions within the Maxson home between Troy and his wife, Rose, and Troy and his son Cory. August Wilson establishes an impression of the 53-year-old Troy Maxson early in Act I, writing that he is "a large man with thick, heavy hands; it is this largeness that he strives to fill out and make an accommodation with.

Resisitivity Through Copper Wire

Measuring the Resistivity of Copper Wire of Different Lengths In this report I will be writing about the experiment I will conduct on copper wire of different lengths. The dependent variable I will be measuring is the resistance of the Copper wire. To do this experiment, one needs to obtain measurements with a high degree of accuracy, taking care of the equipment they use and measuring each value to a certain degree of accuracy for all results. The problem with measuring the resistivity of Copper wire is due to the properties of copper as a material.Copper naturally has a low resistance due to it being a superconductor, meaning that it only has a resistance of minute amounts. As it has this property, it is important to use a copper wire specimen that is long enough and thin enough to have an appreciable resistance. The normal value for the resistivity of copper is about 10-8? m. A 1m length of copper wire with a cross sectional area of 1mm? (10-6m? ) can be predicted to have a resist ance of 0. 01?. This can be calculated by using the resistance formula of: R=? lA? 10-8 ? m x 1m10-6m2=10-2? The wire I will use is going to be thinner than this and will vary in length from 0. -1. 0 metres with a difference of 0. 2m from the previous wire specimen. In total I will have 5 different lengths. Apparatus: * Voltmeter- Accuracy stated as ( ± 0. 5% Read. + 1dgt) in the user manual * Ammeter- Accuracy stated as ( ± 1. 2% Read. + 1dgt) in the user manual * Battery Supply of 6V * Copper Wire * 1m Ruler in cm * Scissors * Electrical Wires * Crocodile clips * Micrometer Method: The following procedure described below is how I intend to gain my results: 1. I will measure out the different lengths of copper wire I intend to use using a millimetre ruler to gain the most accurate results I can. 2. Once he lengths are cut, the diameter of the copper wire I am using must be measured. To gain the most accurate result, I will use a micrometer and measure the diameter in several pl aces on the wire and take an average value from these readings to work out the average cross sectional area. 3. I will connect the first length of wire into an electrical circuit, making sure that current can flow through the entire length of the copper wire connected. The circuit will look like this diagram: V V A A 4. The voltage will be recorded across the wire and the current running through it. 5. To find the resistance of the wire I will use the formula V=IR. . The resistivity can then be worked out using the formula: ? =RAL where R is the resistance calculated, A is the cross sectional area of the copper wire calculated and L is the length of the copper wire. The measurements shall be recorded in the following table shown below: Resistivity of Wire The physical properties of a wire can either be categorised as being an intrinsic property or an extrinsic property. The difference between the two categories of properties is that intrinsic properties do not depend on the amount o f material that is present, whereas extrinsic properties do depend on the amount of material that is present.In the following investigation of the resistivity of copper wire, one could say that the value of the voltage, resistance and current are all intrinsic properties of the copper wire. The extrinsic value of the copper wire would be its resistivity. The resistivity of the copper wire will be dependent on the material itself, which is copper. The resistivity of a material can be defined as the resistance of a 1m length with 1m? cross-sectional area. As the resistivity of material depends mainly on the properties of the material itself, each material whether it is copper or pure silicon has its own resistivity coefficient.The coefficient for copper is 1. 72 ? 10-8? m. This value may seem very small for resistivity, but if one were to know that copper is classed as a superconductor meaning that it conducts electricity extremely well, they would know that in order for the conductan ce to be very high, the resistivity must be very low. This can also be explained by the fact that resistivity is the inverse of conductivity (? =1? ). The potential difference across the copper wire (measured in volts) and the flow of charge (the current) through the copper wire are related through the resistance of the copper wire, not its resistivity.In order to find the resistivity, one needs to work out the resistance first by using the equation R=VI , and then from this they can use the formula ? =RAL to find the resistance. The â€Å"A† represents the cross-sectional area of the wire that will be used in the experiment. The resistance of the wire is expected to double in value when the length of the wire doubles in size. The resistivity however, should stay near enough the same throughout all of the repeats conducted. Reducing the uncertainty in the resultsThere are some factors which could affect the accuracy of my results in the experiment of the resistivity of copper wire. One of the factors which could affect the accuracy of my results is to do with the measuring devices I use to conduct the experiment. Any measuring device can only be used to measure to a certain degree of accuracy. It is this certain degree which determines how accurate your results are to the true value. In my experiment, I am using a 3? Digits Multifunction Multimeter (DMM) to measure the current through the circuit and the potential difference (p. d. ) across the copper wire.The main advantage of using a DMM compared to using an analogue voltmeter is the fact that they allow you to record a value to a certain number of decimal places by having different ranges which correspond to the level of precision of the reading. In the experiment I am conducting, I will be measuring the p. d. to a resolution of 0. 001V using the 2V range on the multimeter. Having the resolution to this degree of measurement ensures that I get a voltage reading to 3 decimal places increasing the accu racy of the reading and allowing me to obtain a closer value to the true value.The accuracy for the ammeter has been published as being  ±1. 2% of the reading + 1 LSD for the range (200mA) and resolution (0. 1mA) I will be using for the current. This means that the value I will record will be 1. 2% of the true value of the current +0. 1mA. I am using the 200mA range rather than the 20A range because the resolution of the result is greater than that of the 20A range. This will record a more accurate result which reduces the uncertainty in my results. Similarly the range I will use on the voltmeter which is at 2V has an accuracy of  ±0. 5% of the reading + 1 LSD, which is even more accurate.Another factor which can affect the resistivity of the result is the temperature of the copper wire. This can affect the resistivity by changing the value of the resistance to make the resistance less proportional to that of the length of wire. Normally the resistance of a wire will increase as the length of the wire increases due to their being more atoms in the wire for the electrons to pass by in order to get the through the entire length of wire. As the increase in resistance ? increase in length, the resistance should double when the length of the copper wire is doubled.In order to try and make sure the resistance is not affected by temperature, I will connect the copper wire up into the circuit at a low voltage so that the copper wire will not warm up and increase in resistance due to the atoms inside vibrating more. I will also be using a micrometer to measure the diameter of the wire. I am using a micrometer instead of a standard cm ruler because the level of uncertainty is far less than that of a ruler. The micrometer allows me to record a value for the diameter of the wire with an uncertainty of  ±0. 0005mm, whereas with an ordinary ruler with mm markings, the uncertainty would be  ±0. 1mm. Results:These are the results I collected from the experiment carrie d out. All of the data is raw data that I have collected myself and has not been manipulated in way at all. N. B- The diameter of the wire was measured to be 0. 435mm. The cross sectional area was calculated as being 1. 48? 10-7m2. This value was used throughout the experiment to work out the different resistivity values using the resistivity equation as stated previously. Repeat| Length of Wire (m)| Voltage (V)| Current (A)| Resistance (? )| Resistivity (? m)| 1| 0. 2| 0. 044| 1. 911| 0. 023| 1. 71E-08| 2| 0. 2| 0. 042| 1. 907| 0. 022| 1. 64E-08| 3| 0. 2| 0. 043| 1. 909| 0. 23| 1. 67E-08| 1| 0. 4| 0. 088| 1. 882| 0. 047| 1. 74E-08| 2| 0. 4| 0. 085| 1. 879| 0. 045| 1. 68E-08| 3| 0. 4| 0. 087| 1. 869| 0. 047| 1. 73E-08| 1| 0. 6| 0. 132| 1. 839| 0. 072| 1. 78E-08| 2| 0. 6| 0. 135| 1. 845| 0. 073| 1. 81E-08| 3| 0. 6| 0. 129| 1. 839| 0. 070| 1. 74E-08| 1| 0. 8| 0. 158| 1. 748| 0. 090| 1. 68E-08| 2| 0. 8| 0. 163| 1. 741| 0. 094| 1. 74E-08| 3| 0. 8| 0. 159| 1. 745| 0. 091| 1. 69E-08| 1| 1 . 0| 0. 207| 1. 739| 0. 119| 1. 77E-08| 2| 1. 0| 0. 209| 1. 738| 0. 120| 1. 79E-08| 3| 1. 0| 0. 201| 1. 710| 0. 118| 1. 75E-08| From the table above, I also worked out the averages of the results measured from the experiment.Repeat| Length of Wire (m)| Voltage (V)| Average V| Current (I)| Average I| Resistance (? )| Average R| Resistivity (? m)| 1| 0. 2| 0. 044| 0. 043| 1. 911| 1. 909| 0. 023| 0. 023| 1. 71E-08| 2| 0. 2| 0. 042| | 1. 907| | 0. 022| | 1. 64E-08| 3| 0. 2| 0. 043| | 1. 909| | 0. 023| | 1. 67E-08| 1| 0. 4| 0. 088| 0. 087| 1. 882| 1. 877| 0. 047| 0. 046| 1. 74E-08| 2| 0. 4| 0. 085| | 1. 879| | 0. 045| | 1. 68E-08| 3| 0. 4| 0. 087| | 1. 869| | 0. 047| | 1. 73E-08| 1| 0. 6| 0. 132| 0. 132| 1. 839| 1. 841| 0. 072| 0. 072| 1. 78E-08| 2| 0. 6| 0. 135| | 1. 845| | 0. 073| | 1. 81E-08| 3| 0. 6| 0. 129| | 1. 839| | 0. 70| | 1. 74E-08| 1| 0. 8| 0. 158| 0. 160| 1. 748| 1. 745| 0. 090| 0. 092| 1. 68E-08| 2| 0. 8| 0. 163| | 1. 741| | 0. 094| | 1. 74E-08| 3| 0. 8| 0. 159| | 1. 745| | 0. 091| | 1. 69E-08| 1| 1. 0| 0. 207| 0. 206| 1. 739| 1. 729| 0. 119| 0. 119| 1. 77E-08| 2| 1. 0| 0. 209| | 1. 738| | 0. 120| | 1. 79E-08| 3| 1. 0| 0. 201| | 1. 710| | 0. 118| | 1. 75E-08| Uncertainties within my results: Before creating the graph of my results, I calculated the overall uncertainties of each measurement within this experiment, so that I could see where the most uncertainty of the average resistivity value comes from.To calculate the uncertainty for each measurement, I took the average measurement that had the biggest difference from its original data. The Percentage of uncertainties of each measurement was as follows: * Percentage uncertainty of the Voltage V= 0. 206 ±0. 005 V Uncertainty in V= 0. 0050. 206? 100%?  ±2. 43% * Percentage uncertainty of the Current I=1. 729 ±0. 019 A Uncertainty in I=0. 0191. 729? 100%?  ±1. 10% * Percentage of Uncertainty in Resistance R=V/I Uncertainty of R=1. 10%+2. 43%?  ±3. 53% * Percentage of Uncertainty in Length Unce rtainty=0. 6 ±0. 001m Uncertainty in L=0. 0010. 6? 100%?  ±0. 17% Percentage of Uncertainty in Area: The Diameter of the wire is 0. 435 ±0. 0005mm The best area where the diameter is 0. 435mm A=? 0. 21752? 0. 1486mm2? 1. 486? 10-7m2 The Maximum area where the diameter is ? 0. 4355mm A=? 0. 217752? 0. 1489mm2? 1. 489? 10-7m2 The Minimum area where the diameter is ? 0. 4345mm A=? 0. 217252? 0. 1482mm2? 1. 482? 10-7m2 So the area is 0. 148 ±0. 0004mm2 with a percentage uncertainty of: A=0. 00040. 148? 100%?  ±0. 27% * So the percentage uncertainty in the Resistivity can be calculated as the sum of all the uncertainties in the experiment: ? =RAL=3. 53%+0. 27%+0. 17%= ±3. 97%The percentages of instrument error are as follows: * Voltmeter reading is  ±0. 0005V Instrumental error in Voltmeter= 0. 00050. 206? 100? 0. 24% * Ammeter reading is  ±0. 0005A Instrumental error in Ammeter=0. 00051. 729? 100? 0. 03% * Micrometer reading is  ±0. 0005mm Instrumental error in Mircome ter=0. 00050. 435? 100? 0. 11% * The total instrumental error is the total of each instrumental error stated above which would be 0. 38%. Graph 1: Graph 2: Data Analysis: In all of my results that I have collected, there is a strong relationship between the increasing length of wire and the value for the resistance.One would expect this strong correlation between the resistance and the length since one of the simple laws of electrical resistance is that it increases proportionally with the increase in the length of the wire. One can explain this through the understanding of electrons in a circuit and the atoms arranged within the components in a circuit. With my experiment of copper wire, a current passed through my circuit once a voltage was applied to the circuit. When the electrons were given energy to move they passed through the circuit to the copper wire where they experienced the resistance which was calculated.As the lengths of the copper wire increase, the amount of fixed a toms within the structure of the wire increases. Due to this the electrons have a higher chance of colliding with the fixed atoms, which causes the wire to heat up and increase the resistance. One can see the certainty in the correlation between the average resistance and the length of the copper wire by looking at the gradient of the line of best fit within graph 1. The gradient shows that R? =0. 9984, showing an extremely strong positive correlation between the two variables.From the equation of the gradient displayed in graph 1, the average resistivity can be calculated which takes into account all of the points within the data collected. The gradient of the line shows the equation Resistance (R)Length (L). In the calculation for resistivity, one not only needs the value of RL, but also needs the cross sectional area of the wire. If the cross sectional area of the wire is multiplied by the gradient, then the average resistivity can be calculated: ? =RAL=0. 1192? 1. 486? 10-7m2? 1 . 77? 10-8? m In Graph 2, the percentage of uncertainty of each average resistance was displayed in the vertical error bars.The percentage of uncertainty of the length of the wire was so small that it was not worth adding to the graph since it is extremely hard to see on the graph. From these percentage uncertainties of the average resistance in the experiment, one can calculate the maximum and the minimum values for the resistivity from looking at the gradients like we did for graph 1. To calculate the minimum gradient, I took the gradient of the line from the maximum uncertainty in the lowest resistance to the minimum uncertainty of the highest resistance.I did this to obtain the shallowest gradient possible from all the points on the graph. I then multiplied this gradient by the smallest area value. lowest ? =0. 1144? 1. 482? 10-7m2? 1. 70? 10-8? m For the maximum value of resistivity, I took the value of the gradient of the line from the minimum uncertainty in the lowest resista nce to the maximum uncertainty of the highest resistance. I did this to obtain the steepest gradient possible from all of the points on the graph. I then multiplied this by the maximum area. maximum ? =0. 1263? (1. 489? 10-7m2)? 1. 88? 10-8? mAfter looking at the average, minimum and maximum values of the resistivity taking into account all of the uncertainties within the calculation one could say that from the investigation conducted, the resistivity of copper wire is 1. 76? 10-8 ±1. 2? 10-9. The percentage uncertainty of the resistivity would then be: 1. 2? 10-91. 76? 10-8? 100%? 6. 8% Biggest Source of Uncertainty From looking at all of the percentage uncertainties for all my measurements, the resistance produced the most uncertainty. The uncertainty of resistance was worked out by adding up the uncertainty of the voltage and the current measured.It must have been from these two calculations where the uncertainty of the resistance became noticed. From calculating the instrument al errors of the multimeter used as a voltmeter and an ammeter, I would not conclude that the vast majority of the error came from the accuracy of the apparatus. I would say that the average resistance I calculated was from the average current which had the biggest difference from its original data, and the average voltage which had the biggest difference from its original data. The average data I had chosen was 0. 206 ±0. 05V and the average data I had chosen for current was 1. 729 ±0. 019A, as they had the biggest uncertainties. Due to this fact I would have produced an uncertainty which had the biggest difference from the original value, so the maximum possible uncertainty for the resistance. Anomalies and Systematic Errors I did not have any anomalous results when looking at the average resistance graph. All of the points plotted show strong correlation with the increase in length. Systematic errors may have contributed to some of my resistivity values being higher or lower than my overall average.An example of this could have been when measuring the diameter of the copper wire. The micrometer did not let me know if both of the sides of the copper wire were touching the micrometer measuring device sufficiently enough or whether or not it was touching both sides of the copper wire more than enough, which would then mean it squashed the diameter of the wire resulting in a lower diameter at certain points across the wire, since I took 3 readings and averaged them out. If this was the case, then one of my wires may have had a higher resistance than the others.One other systematic error may have come from the battery pack. It may have had a temporary glitch in which less electrical energy was sent through the circuit meaning less current was flowing through the circuit, resulting in a larger resistance than that of the previous recording with the same length of wire. This would also alter the final value of the resistivity. Another uncertainty which would b e counted as human error could have been the position at which I had placed the crocodile clips at either end of the copper wire.For the same length of wire, the crocodile clip may have been placed further away from the end of the copper wire than the previous measurement, meaning that the length of the wire would have decreased marginally which may have resulted in a lower resistance recording. Also, when I measured the length of the copper wire, I had to straighten out the length of the wire since it was coiled. When doing this I may have accidently pulled the length of the wire increasing its length by a fractional amount.Having said this, it may have altered the resistance measured in the wire making it larger than it should have been since the electrons have to travel a longer distance. Evaluation After looking at all of my results, I believe that the method I used and the ways of reducing the uncertainty in my experiment were effective. The instrumental errors were minimal and the overall uncertainty of my final calculation of resistivity was a low value. The resistivity value itself did alter but mainly stayed constant throughout the experiment.As I have said, I do not believe this was because of the accuracy of the multimeters I used but due to other factors such as changes in the environment like temperature, or due to systematic errors to do with the battery pack I used. To decrease the uncertainty in my resistance measured, I could use an even lower resolution on my voltmeter (0. 1mV) and ammeter (0. 001mA) to reduce the negative effect of Least Significant Digits (LSD) and to give the most accurate result.This way I could then increase the precision of my results and record a value which is closer to the true value When comparing my average value of resistivity with the published value of resistivity which is 1. 72? 10-8? m, my average value is very close to the published value which shows the level of accuracy throughout my experiment considering the more precise tools that were used by the professionals to gain the published value. The repeats I did helped me to record a value for the resistivity that was close to the published value by reducing the random uncertainty in my results.To gain even more accuracy I could do more repeats, or I could alter the intervals between each length to 0. 1m to increase my range of data. That way I will reduce even more random error within my data. I could also change the different diameters of the wire or change the material I use to compare these results with those and see how they differ. One other change I could do next time is to use an Alternating Current (AC) rather than a Direct Current (DC), since AC is more conventional in houses so it would have provided further information as to how good copper is in the use of houses.